CS standards webinar on 31 October: How to Create Better Analog IC Tests The quality of a test is best quantified by measuring the quality of ICs that pass the test, usually measured as defective parts per million (DPPM) after a device has been manufactured. However, there is significant value in analyzing test quality before high-volume production to maximize test coverage while minimizing pattern count, something that digital ICs have done via fault modeling and simulation for many years. With its upcoming publication, P2427, the IEEE Draft Standard for Analog Defect Modeling and Coverage, from IEEE Computer Society Test Technology Standards Committee, brings transparency to how test coverage can be calculated and communicated for analog and mixed-signal (AMS) intellectual property (IP) blocks, chiplets, and ICs. This IEEE Standards Association | IEEE SAs standard is expected to facilitate improving IC quality while reducing test-related costs. In this IEEE Computer Society monthly standards webinar, Steve Sunter, jeff rearick, Vladimir Zivkovic, and Anthony Coyette will first address motivating questions, such as: why is test time per transistor much larger for analog than it is for digital circuits, why is there so little automation for analog design-for-test (DFT) and test generation, and how can a circuit’s test coverage be measured objectively before manufacturing the circuit? Some essential terms will be defined, such as defect, fault, defect universe, and defect coverage, along with what should be included in a defect coverage summary. Then, several hypothetical industrial examples will be described where this standard can simplify, clarify, quantify, and speed the delivery and description of AMS circuit and test quality. You may visit the following link for complimentary registration: https://lnkd.in/egb_RMUn #ieee #ieeecs #ieeesa #standards #analog #integratedcircults #test Ian McIntosh
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Today on Day 35 of the #100DaysAmplifierDesign, I designed and simulated a 2 stage CMOS op amp. A two-stage CMOS op amp is a basic building block in analog and mixed-signal electronic systems. It is a type of operational amplifier that consists of two amplifier stages: a) Differential amplifier stage: Here, the difference between the two input voltages (positive and negative) is amplified while the common-mode signals (signals identical on both inputs) is rejected. b) Gain stage: Here, the differential voltage from the first stage is further amplified. It's commonly used in analog circuits for applications like signal amplification, noise reduction, filtering etc. Below is a picture of the circuit. This is all for today. See you tomorrow for more updates on my #100DaysAmplifierDesign journey. IEEE Solid-State Circuits Society
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Imagine you have an analog signal from a sensor. After digitizing it with an ADC, you’re ready to analyze it on a microcontroller or DSP to track trends. However, the signal is full of unwanted high-frequency noise, making it difficult to see the data you need. To fix this without changing the hardware, you can use a digital low-pass filter to remove the high-frequency noise. One way to build this filter is with a windowed-sinc FIR filter: Set the Cutoff Frequency: Decide the highest frequency you want to keep. The filter will allow lower frequencies through and block higher ones. Create the Sinc Function: The sinc function forms the base of the filter and lets frequencies below the cutoff pass through. Apply a Window Function: To reduce side effects from cutting off the sinc function, multiply it by a Hamming window. This smooths the filter and gives better results. The resulting FIR filter can then be applied to the noisy signal, allowing you to focus on the main information while ignoring unwanted noise. This simple digital filter technique is effective in signal processing when hardware changes aren’t possible.
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The Friis transmission formula was adapted to MIMO transmission, at any distance, in any environment. The article below shows how this generalization works. It may be downloaded at https://lnkd.in/e4bdQtuG. Comments invited! This article and others are available in these recent LinkedIn groups: -the group "Antennas and Propagation - Open Research" https://lnkd.in/eYGysf26 created on February 7, 2024; -the group "Circuit Theory and Analog Electronics - Open Research" https://lnkd.in/e5swYV5r created on February 9, 2024; and -the group "Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) and signal integrity - Open Research" https://lnkd.in/evhE-DBv created on April 7, 2024. You are invited to join these groups! #Antenna #MIMO
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The Friis transmission formula was adapted to MIMO transmission, at any distance, in any environment. The article below shows how this generalization works. It may be downloaded at https://lnkd.in/e4bdQtuG. Comments invited! This article and others are available in these recent LinkedIn groups: -the group "Antennas and Propagation - Open Research" https://lnkd.in/eYGysf26 created on February 7, 2024; -the group "Circuit Theory and Analog Electronics - Open Research" https://lnkd.in/e5swYV5r created on February 9, 2024; and -the group "Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) and signal integrity - Open Research" https://lnkd.in/evhE-DBv created on April 7, 2024. You are invited to join these groups! #Antenna #MIMO
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Good evening, all. The world of Signal Processing just saturated!!! Let's see how: 1. In analog signal processing, the transistor was used as an amplifier and oscillator, doing analog signal processing. 2. In digital signal processing, the transistor works in cut-off (OFF) and saturation regions (ON) respectively. According to Electronics and Telecommunication principles, analog sine and cosine waves saturates to form digital signals. This is proved to be true from Fourier Series and Fourier Transformations respectively. This is how wave clipping and distortions (harmonic) occur. Therefore, the transistor cannot work less than the cut-off region (saturation level 0). Similarly, the transistor cannot work more than the saturation region (saturation level 1). Beyond this, the transistor burns due to avalanche breakdown currents. Therefore, the maximum range of analog signals is a digital signal, by the saturation principles. This is exactly what happens when the audio volume is put at maximum, it saturates and becomes unbearable. This is exactly what happens when the video brightness and contrast is put at maximum, it saturates and causes distortions. So, is there something beyond this......... Only Evolutionary Signal Intelligence can tell......... Thank you all. #EvolutionarySignalProcessing #EvolutionarySignalIntelligence
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Modulation type of digital signal in analog transmission Learn more: https://lnkd.in/gpTgYtaM #circuitdesign #modulation #digital #analog #transmission #circuits #electronic #electronicdesign
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Learn about active baluns and their use as a key interface between digital converters and the analog/RF world. Our CEO, Seyed Tabatabaei, explains it all in this article published by Analog IC Tips. #activebalun #ADC #DAC #RF
What are active baluns?
https://www.analogictips.com
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The Friis transmission formula was adapted to MIMO transmission, at any distance, in any environment. The article below shows how this generalization works. It may be downloaded at https://lnkd.in/e4bdQtuG. Comments invited! This article and others are available in these recent LinkedIn groups: -the group "Antennas and Propagation - Open Research" https://lnkd.in/eYGysf26 created on February 7, 2024; -the group "Circuit Theory and Analog Electronics - Open Research" https://lnkd.in/e5swYV5r created on February 9, 2024; and -the group "Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) and signal integrity - Open Research" https://lnkd.in/evhE-DBv created on April 7, 2024. You are invited to join these groups! #Antenna #MIMO
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The Friis transmission formula was adapted to MIMO transmission, at any distance, in any environment. The article below shows how this generalization works. It may be downloaded at https://lnkd.in/e4bdQtuG. Comments invited! This article and others are available in these recent LinkedIn groups: -the group "Antennas and Propagation - Open Research" https://lnkd.in/eYGysf26 created on February 7, 2024; -the group "Circuit Theory and Analog Electronics - Open Research" https://lnkd.in/e5swYV5r created on February 9, 2024; and -the group "Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) and signal integrity - Open Research" https://lnkd.in/evhE-DBv created on April 7, 2024. You are invited to join these groups! #Antenna #MIMO
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### Analysis of the Frequency Response of a Common Emitter (CE) Amplifier **Understanding Frequency Response:** The frequency response of a Common Emitter (CE) amplifier details how the amplifier's gain varies across different frequencies. This analysis is critical to ensure that the amplifier performs optimally within its intended application. The frequency response can be categorized into three main regions: low-frequency, mid-frequency, and high-frequency responses. **1. Low-Frequency Response:** At low frequencies, the gain of the CE amplifier is affected primarily by coupling capacitors, bypass capacitors, and the intrinsic capacitive elements of the transistors. These capacitors introduce reactance that can impede low-frequency signals, reducing the amplifier's gain in this region. Specifically: - **Coupling Capacitors:** These capacitors block DC components while allowing AC signals to pass. However, at low frequencies, their reactance is higher, which can lead to signal attenuation. - **Bypass Capacitors:** These capacitors are used to stabilize the operating point of the amplifier and enhance gain. At low frequencies, the impedance of these capacitors is higher, reducing their effectiveness in bypassing the emitter resistor. - **Intrinsic Capacitive Elements:** Transistor junction capacitances also play a role, albeit usually smaller compared to external capacitors. **2. Mid-Frequency Response:** In the mid-frequency range, the CE amplifier exhibits a relatively flat gain that is largely independent of frequency. Here, the capacitive reactances of the coupling and bypass capacitors are low enough to be negligible, allowing the amplifier to maintain a consistent gain. This region is often considered the optimal operating range for the amplifier: - **Flat Gain:** The amplifier's gain remains stable, providing reliable amplification of signals. - **Minimal Influence of Capacitances:** The capacitive effects are minimized, ensuring that the signal integrity is maintained. **3. High-Frequency Response:** At high frequencies, the gain of the CE amplifier starts to decrease due to the parasitic capacitances associated with the transistor and the circuit layout. These parasitic capacitances introduce reactance that impacts the signal transmission: - **Parasitic Capacitances:** These include the base-collector and base-emitter junction capacitances in the transistor, as well as any additional capacitances from the circuit layout and interconnections. - **Reduced Gain:** As frequency increases, the reactance of these parasitic capacitances decreases, leading to a reduction in the amplifier's gain. This is often seen as a roll-off in the frequency response curve. **Conclusion:** By understanding the frequency response of a CE amplifier, designers can optimize the amplifier's performance for specific works. #100daysamplifierdesign #day37
